Black Box Warning Although rare, dulaglutide caused thyroid C-cell tumors in animal studies
Semaglutide can also reduce the risk of a serious cardiovascular event, such as stroke or heart attack, for patients with Type 2 diabetes
Documented effects include: Upregulation of SOD1 (cytosolic Cu/Zn-SOD), CAT (catalase), and GPX1 (glutathione peroxidase 1) mRNA and protein in multiple cell types NRF2 nuclear translocation and ARE-driven gene induction (HO-1, NQO1, GCLC, TXNRD1) Reduction of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) adducts and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) markers of lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage respectively Mitochondrial ROS reduction via Complex IV cuproenzyme enhancement (cytochrome c oxidase activity assay) Epitalons antioxidant activity is primarily documented via melatonin restoration (melatonin is itself a potent radical scavenger) and through modest upregulation of SOD and catalase in aged rodent tissues a secondary effect rather than a primary mechanism
Key findings from the review The review analyzed 38 studies, most of which examined changes in the gut microbiome using fecal samples
In primary rat endothelial cells, the Zn-induced GSH upregulation was mediated via Nrf2 activation and upregulation of the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLC) [12]
