Rotenone is highly toxic to fish and certain invertebrates and has in the recent years been used to exterminate invasive fish species and parasites in Norwegian rivers (Sandodden et al
In high doses, it is specifically toxic to the liver and generally causes liver necrosis, renal injury, or death in humans and laboratory animals 1, 2
Delayed processing, elevated temperature, oxygen exposure, catalytic metals, post-lysis reactions, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles can decrease GSH and increase apparent GSSG
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Fumarate itself is a Michael acceptor, and the covalent attachment to protein cysteines corresponds to the post-translational modification known as succination [142] and fumarate has been recently demonstrated to yield a glutathione thioether in in vitro treated cells [142]